Is There Any Validity to Family Studies in Determining the Role of Genetics in Criminal Behavior?
Mary Ainsworth
The Foreign Situation | Zipper Styles
By Saul McLeod, updated 2018
The Foreign situation is a standardized procedure devised past Mary Ainsworth in the 1970s to observe attachment security in children within the context of caregiver relationships. It applies to infants between the historic period of nine and 18 months.
The procedure involves series of viii episodes lasting approximately 3 minutes each, whereby a mother, kid and stranger are introduced, separated and reunited.
John Bowlby (1969) believed that attachment was an all or nothing process. However, research has shown that at that place are individual differences in attachment quality. Indeed, one of the main paradigms in zipper theory is that of the security of an private'south zipper (Ainsworth & Bell, 1970).
Much inquiry in psychology has focused on how forms of attachment differ among infants. For instance, Schaffer and Emerson (1964) discovered what appeared to be innate differences in sociability in babies; some babies preferred cuddling more than than others, from very early, before much interaction had occurred to cause such differences.
It's piece of cake enough to know when yous are attached to someone because you know how you feel when you lot are autonomously from that person, and, being an adult, you can put your feelings into words and describe how it feels.
However, most attachment enquiry is carried out using infants and immature children, so psychologists accept to devise subtle ways of researching zipper styles, commonly involving the observational method.
Psychologist Mary Ainsworth devised an assessment technique called the Foreign Situation Classification (SSC) in order to investigate how attachments might vary between children.
The Strange Situation was devised by Ainsworth and Wittig (1969) and was based on Ainsworth's previous Republic of uganda (1967) and afterward Baltimore studies (Ainsworth et al., 1971, 1978).
Mary Ainsworth's (1971, 1978) observational study of private differences in attachment is described below.
Strange Situation Procedure
The security of attachment in one- to two-year-olds were investigated using the strange situation epitome, in order to determine the nature of zipper behaviors and styles of attachment.
Ainsworth adult an experimental procedure in social club to find the diverseness of attachment forms exhibited between mothers and infants.
The experiment is ready in a small room with ane mode glass so the behavior of the baby can be observed covertly. Infants were anile between 12 and 18 months. The sample comprised of 100 center-class American families.
The procedure, known as the 'Strange Situation,' was conducted by observing the beliefs of the babe in a series of viii episodes lasting approximately 3 minutes each:
(i) Mother, baby, and experimenter (lasts less than one minute).
(2) Mother and baby alone.
(3) A stranger joins the female parent and babe.
(4) Mother leaves infant and stranger alone.
(5) Mother returns and stranger leaves.
(6) Mother leaves; infant left completely alone.
(seven) Stranger returns.
(8) Mother returns and stranger leaves.
Scoring
Scoring
Strange Situation classifications (i.e., attachment styles) are based primarily on four interaction behaviors directed toward the female parent in the two reunion episodes (Ep. 5 & Ep. 8).
- Proximity and contacting seeking
- Contact maintaining
- Avoidance of proximity and contact
- Resistance to contact and comforting
The observer notes downward the behavior displayed during 15-second intervals and scores the beliefs for intensity on a scale of i to 7.
Other behaviors observed included:
- Exploratory behaviors e.1000., moving effectually the room, playing with toys, looking effectually the room.
- Search behaviors, due east.g., following mother to the door, banging on the door, orienting to the door, looking at the door, going to female parent's empty chair, looking at female parent's empty chair.
- Affect Displays negative, eastward.g., crying, smiling.
Results - Zipper Styles
Ainsworth (1970) identified three main attachment styles, secure (blazon B), insecure avoidant (type A) and insecure ambivalent/resistant (type C). She concluded that these attachment styles were the result of early on interactions with the mother.
A quaternary attachment style known equally disorganized was later identified (Master, & Solomon, 1990).
| Secure | Resistant | Avoidant | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Separation Anxiety | Distressed when mother leaves | Intense distress when the female parent leaves | No sign of distress when the the mother leaves |
| Stranger Anxiety | Avoidant of stranger when lonely, but friendly when the female parent is present | The infant avoids the stranger - shows fearfulness of the stranger | The infant is okay with the stranger and plays normally when the stranger is present |
| Reunion beliefs | Positive and happy when mother returns | The infant approaches the female parent, but resists contact, may even push her away | The Babe shows niggling involvement when the mother returns |
| Other | Uses the female parent as a condom base to explore their environment | The baby cries more and explores less than the other two types | The mother and stranger are able to comfort the infant equally well |
| % of infants | 70% | xv% | 15% |
B: Secure Attachment
B: Secure Attachment
Securely attached children comprised the bulk of the sample in Ainsworth's (1971, 1978) studies.
Such children feel confident that the attachment effigy volition be bachelor to see their needs. They use the attachment figure as a prophylactic base to explore the surroundings and seek the zipper figure in times of distress (Main, & Cassidy, 1988).
Deeply attached infants are easily soothed by the attachment figure when upset. Infants develop a secure zipper when the caregiver is sensitive to their signals, and responds appropriately to their needs.
According to Bowlby (1980), an individual who has experienced a secure attachment 'is probable to possess a representational model of zipper figures(s) equally being bachelor, responsive, and helpful' (Bowlby, 1980, p. 242).
A: Insecure Avoidant
A: Insecure Avoidant
Insecure avoidant children do not orientate to their attachment figure while investigating the environment.
They are very independent of the attachment figure both physically and emotionally (Behrens, Hesse, & Main, 2007).
They practise not seek contact with the attachment figure when distressed. Such children are likely to accept a caregiver who is insensitive and rejecting of their needs (Ainsworth, 1979).
The zipper figure may withdraw from helping during difficult tasks (Stevenson-Hinde, & Verschueren, 2002) and is often unavailable during times of emotional distress.
C: Insecure Clashing / Resistant
C: Insecure Ambivalent
The third attachment style identified by Ainsworth (1970) was insecure clashing (as well called insecure resistant).
Hither children adopt an ambivalent behavioral style towards the attachment figure. The child will commonly exhibit clingy and dependent behavior, just will exist rejecting of the zipper figure when they appoint in interaction.
The child fails to develop any feelings of security from the attachment figure. Appropriately, they exhibit difficulty moving abroad from the zipper effigy to explore novel environment.
When distressed they are hard to soothe and are not comforted by interaction with the attachment effigy. This behavior results from an inconsistent level of response to their needs from the master caregiver.
Strange Situation Conclusion
Ainsworth (1978) suggested the 'caregiver sensitivity hypothesis' every bit an explanation for different zipper types. Ainsworth's maternal sensitivity hypothesis argues that a child's attachment way is dependent on the behavior their female parent shows towards them.
- 'Sensitive' mothers are responsive to the child'south needs and answer to their moods and feelings correctly. Sensitive mothers are more likely to have securely attached children.
- In contrast, mothers who are less sensitive towards their child, for example, those who respond to the kid's needs incorrectly or who are impatient or ignore the kid, are likely to have insecurely attached children.
For example, securely attached baby are associated with sensitive and responsive primary intendance. Insecure ambivalent attached infants are associated with inconsistent primary intendance. Sometimes the kid'due south needs and met, and sometimes they are ignored by the mother / father.
Insecure-avoidant infants are associated with unresponsive master intendance. The child comes to believe that communication of needs has no influence on the mother/begetter.
Ainsworth'southward (1971, 1978) findings provided the first empirical evidence for Bowlby's attachment theory.
For example, deeply attached children develop a positive working model of themselves and have mental representations of others as existence helpful while viewing themselves every bit worthy of respect (Jacobsen, & Hoffman, 1997).
Avoidant children call back themselves unworthy and unacceptable, caused by a rejecting primary caregiver (Larose, & Bernier, 2001). Ambivalent children take a negative self-prototype and exaggerate their emotional responses as a mode to gain attending (Kobak et al., 1993).
Accordingly, insecure attachment styles are associated with an increased gamble of social and emotional behavioral issues via the internal working model.
Theoretical Evaluation
This caregiver sensitivity theory is supported by research from, Wolff and Van Ijzendoorn (1997) who conducted a Meta-assay (a review) of enquiry into attachment types.
They found that in that location is a relatively weak correlation of 0.24 betwixt parental sensitivity and attachment type – generally more sensitive parents had securely attached children.
Still, in evaluation, critics of this theory argue that the correlation between parental sensitivity and the child's attachment type is simply weak. This suggests that there are other reasons which may better explain why children develop different attachment types and that the maternal sensitivity theory places besides much emphasis on the mother.
Focusing just on maternal sensitivity when trying to explicate why children have dissimilar zipper types is, therefore, a reductionist approach.
An culling theory proposed by Kagan (1984) suggests that the temperament of the child is really what leads to the unlike attachment types. Children with unlike innate (inborn) temperaments will have different attachment types.
This theory is supported by inquiry from Fox (1989) who found that babies with an 'Like shooting fish in a barrel' temperament (those who consume and sleep regularly, and accept new experiences) are probable to develop secure attachments.
Babies with a 'slow to warm up' temperament (those who took a while to get used to new experiences) are probable to have insecure-avoidant attachments. Babies with a 'Hard' temperament (those who eat and sleep irregularly and who reject new experiences) are probable to have insecure-clashing attachments.
In decision, the most consummate explanation of why children develop different attachment types would be an interactionist theory. This would argue that a kid's attachment type is a result of a combination of factors – both the child's innate temperament and their parent's sensitivity towards their needs.
Belsky and Rovine (1987) suggest an interesting interactionist theory to explicate the different attachment types. They argue that the kid's attachment type is a consequence of both the child's innate temperament and too how the parent responds to them (i.due east., the parents' sensitivity level).
Additionally, the child's innate temperament may, in fact, influence the way their parent responds to them (i.e, the infants' temperament influences the parental sensitivity shown to them). To develop a secure zipper, a 'difficult' kid would need a caregiver who is sensitive and patient for a secure attachment to develop.
Methodological Evaluation
The strange situation nomenclature has been found to have good reliability. This ways that it achieves consequent results. For example, a study conducted in Federal republic of germany establish 78% of the children were classified in the same mode at ages i and six years (Wartner et al., 1994).
Although, as Melhuish (1993) suggests, the Strange Situation is the most widely used method for assessing infant attachment to a caregiver, Lamb et al. (1985) have criticized it for existence highly artificial and therefore defective ecological validity.
The kid is placed in a strange and artificial environment, and the procedure of the mother and stranger entering and leaving the room follows a predetermined script.
Mary Ainsworth ended that the strange situation could be used to identify the child's type of attachment has been criticized on the grounds that it identifies only the type of attachment to the female parent. The kid may have a different type of attachment to the male parent or grandmother, for example (Lamb, 1977). This means that it lacks validity, as information technology does non mensurate a general attachment fashion, but instead an attachment style specific to the female parent.
In addition, some research has shown that the same child may evidence different attachment behaviors on different occasions. Children'due south attachments may change, possibly because of changes in the child's circumstances, then a deeply fastened child may appear insecurely attached if the mother becomes ill or the family unit circumstances change.
The strange situation has likewise been criticized on upstanding grounds. Because the kid is put under stress (separation and stranger anxiety), the report has cleaved the upstanding guideline protection of participants.
However, in its defense, the separation episodes were curtailed prematurely if the child became likewise stressed. Also, according to Marrone (1998), although the Strange Situation has been criticized for being stressful, it is simulating everyday experiences, as mothers do leave their babies for brief periods of time in different settings and frequently with unfamiliar people such as babysitters.
Finally, the report'south sample is biased - comprising 100 centre-course American families. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize the findings outside of America and to working-class families.
How to reference this article:
How to reference this article:
McLeod, Due south. A. (2018, Baronial 05). Mary ainsworth. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/mary-ainsworth.html
APA Manner References
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How to reference this article:
How to reference this article:
McLeod, S. A. (2018, August 05). Mary ainsworth. Simply Psychology. world wide web.simplypsychology.org/mary-ainsworth.html
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